This article was recently supplied by UCSD’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The world’s deep ocean spans more than half the planet, and untold quantities of untapped energy resources, precious metals and minerals reside in its depths. Humankind needs and depends upon many of the deep ocean’s treasures, and the race is already on to exploit them.
In the May 16 issue of Science, scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UCSD and their co-authors call for stewardship of the world’s largest living space — striking a balance between wise use of vast resources and maintaining the deep ocean’s delicate ecological environment – now, before permanent loss occurs.
“Most of the deep ocean has never been explored,” said Lisa Levin, director of Scripps’ Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation. “But what we have seen reveals a vast diversity of life forms and habitats important to the heath of our planet. Slow-growing species are the norm, and some ecosystems, once injured, may never recover.”
The deep ocean, below 656 feet, faces mounting challenges, as impacts from activities such as fishing, oil and gas development, waste disposal and land-based pollution have already caused long-term and possibly irreversible injury to some deep-ocean environments. Industrial-scale mining looms on the horizon. Governance of the water column and the seabed below 656 feet is a mixed bag of regulations across national and international jurisdictions, throwing more stumbling blocks in the path to ensure the long-term health of the deep ocean.
Kathryn Mengerink, lead author of the paper, is senior fellow for environmental law and policy at Scripps’ Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation and the Environmental Law Institute’s ocean program co-director.
“To advance deep-ocean stewardship,” she said, “we need to move forward with caution, protecting and minimizing impacts to known sensitive species and areas and the vast unknown. We should invest in improving our knowledge of the deep before further exploiting its resources so that we don’t suffer irreversible loss of incredible organisms and ecosystems.”
The International Seabed Authority has already developed regulations for mining exploration for the international seabed and has just started the process to develop exploitation regulations. In addition, many nations are in the process of leasing for offshore mining.
“Now,” Mengerink said, “is the time to carefully design laws and policies that enable wise use of mining and other resources while maintaining healthy oceans and communities.”
Given the substantial knowledge gaps, future exploitation of deep-ocean resources will inevitably be punctuated with new discoveries as well as unexpected harmful effects of planned activities. Both will require transparent and adaptive decision-making, balancing exploitation with lasting protection of habitats, biodiversity and ecosystem services.
The ideas for this paper arose during an inaugural meeting of the Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI).
According to Levin, one of DOSI’s founders, “The initiative is designed to bring natural and social scientists, regulators, the private sector and civil society together to provide guidance on environmental management of the deep ocean. We humans don’t have a great track record with stewardship of land and our coastal ocean. Hopefully, we can do a better job with the deep half of the planet.”
This paper is part of the Environmental Law Institute’s broader efforts to support sustainable management of the deep ocean, including its Gulf of Mexico Program, to support the public’s role in restoration in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster of 2010. The spill blackened parts of the Gulf of Mexico with nearly 5 million barrels of oil over 87 days as on oil rig exploded and sank. The J.M. Kaplan Fund and the International Network for Scientific Investigation of Deep-Sea Ecosystems, through a grant from Foundation Total, have supported development of the Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative.